Life in Southern Mill Villages, 1900s Essay -- History Textiles Papers

Life in Southern Mill Villages, 1900s The industrial Revolution in America began to develop in the mid-eighteen hundreds after the Civil War. prior to this industrial growth the work force was mainly based in agriculture, especially in the South (Industrial Revolution). The advancement in machinery and manufacturing on a large scale changed the structure of the work force. Families began to leave the farm and relocate to larger settings to work in the ever-growing industries. One area that saw a major change in the work force was textile manufacturing. Towns in the early nineteen hundreds were established around mills, and workers were subjected to strenuous working conditions. It would take decades in front these issues were addressed. Until then, people worked and struggled for a life for themselves and their families. While conditions were harsh in the textile industry, it was the sense of community that sustained life in the mill villages. It would be substantial to imagine what mill life would have been like if it were not for American photographer, Lewis Hine. Hine was influential in bringing public awareness to many social issues of his time. innate(p) in a rural town in Wisconsin in 1874, Hine dedicated his life to capturing Americas cultural landscape through the people in his photographs. He was there when thousands of immigrants took their first steps on American soil at Ellis Island. In World War One he captured on take aim the heroic efforts of the Red Cross (Lewis Wickes Hine). But most importantly for this paper, are his accounts of people in the mill villages and textile factories in rural America. Through round of his pictures, we will explore life in southern mill villages in the nineteen hundreds. ... ...hristopher B. Daly. Like a Family . Chapel Hill and London North Carolina, 1987. Industrial Revolution. Websters New World Encyclopedia . Single volume. 1992. Jones, Lu Ann Ph.D. Personal Interview. March 6, 2002. Lewis Wi ckes Hine. Merriam Websters Biographical Dictionary . Springfield Merriam Webster, 1995. OQuinlivan, Michael. Rocky mess North Carolina Centennial Commemorative Book A Century of People, Purpose, and Progress . Ulrich, Pamela Vadman. Plain Goods Textile Production in Georgia, the Carolinas,and Alabama, 1880 to 1920 . Michigan Bell and Howell Information Company, 1991. Veto, Robert Elliott. Looms and Weavers, Schools and Teachers tuition in North Carolina Mill Towns, 1910-1940 . Michigan Bell and Howell Information Company, 1989. Watt, W. Early Cotton Factories in North Carolina and Alexander County.

Count Alessandro Volta :: essays research papers

Count Alessandro Volta (1742-1827)Count Alessandro Volta was born(p) in 1745 at Como, Italy. He was educated in public schools and in 1774, he became professor of Physics at the Royal School in Como. The chase year he devised the electrophorus, an instrument that produced ways of static electric heftiness. In 1776-1777 he applied himself to chemistry, studying atmospheric electricity and devise experiments such as the ignition of gases by an electric spark in a closed vessel. In 1779 he became professor of physics at the University of Pavia, a chair he occupied for 25 years.In 1800, Volta discovered the battery by studying earlier experiments. He believed that metals that are different could create electricity when in contact with each other. In his experiment, he stacked copper, zinc and cardboard, which was soaked in salt water. When both ends of the stack were touched, electricity flowed. This was the first battery. there is not a lot of learning on Count Alessandro Voltas life, but there are records of Napoleon giving him the title of Count in 1801 in gratitude for his inventions that have revolutionized the world of today.The electric car BatteryElectricity has fascinated human kind since our ancestors first witnessed lightning. In ancient Greece, Thales observed that an electric charge could be generated by rubbing amber, for which the Greek word is electron. The German physicist Otto von Guericke experimented with generating electricity in 1650, the English physicist Stephen Gray discovered electrical conductivity in 1729, and the American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin canvass the properties of electricity by conducting his famous experiment of flying a kite with a key attached during electrical storms. However, the first workable device for generating a consistent flow of electricity was invented around 1799 by the Italian inventor Alessandro Volta. Voltas discovery of a fashion of converting chemical energy into electrical energy formed the basis for nearly all modern batteries.Beginning his work in 1793, Volta observed the electrical fundamental interaction between two different metals submersed near each other in an acidic solution.Count Alessandro Volta essays research papers Count Alessandro Volta (1742-1827)Count Alessandro Volta was born in 1745 at Como, Italy. He was educated in public schools and in 1774, he became professor of Physics at the Royal School in Como. The following year he devised the electrophorus, an instrument that produced charges of static electricity. In 1776-1777 he applied himself to chemistry, studying atmospheric electricity and devising experiments such as the ignition of gases by an electric spark in a closed vessel. In 1779 he became professor of physics at the University of Pavia, a chair he occupied for 25 years.In 1800, Volta discovered the battery by studying earlier experiments. He believed that metals that are different could create electricity when in contact with each other. In his experiment, he stacked copper, zinc and cardboard, which was soaked in salt water. When both ends of the stack were touched, electricity flowed. This was the first battery.There is not a lot of information on Count Alessandro Voltas life, but there are records of Napoleon giving him the title of Count in 1801 in gratitude for his inventions that have revolutionized the world of today.The Electric BatteryElectricity has fascinated human kind since our ancestors first witnessed lightning. In ancient Greece, Thales observed that an electric charge could be generated by rubbing amber, for which the Greek word is electron. The German physicist Otto von Guericke experimented with generating electricity in 1650, the English physicist Stephen Gray discovered electrical conductivity in 1729, and the American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin studied the properties of electricity by conducting his famous experiment of flying a kite with a key attached during electri cal storms. However, the first workable device for generating a consistent flow of electricity was invented around 1799 by the Italian inventor Alessandro Volta. Voltas discovery of a means of converting chemical energy into electrical energy formed the basis for nearly all modern batteries.Beginning his work in 1793, Volta observed the electrical interaction between two different metals submerged near each other in an acidic solution.

Human Rights vs. Sovereignty :: Human Rights Essays

The massive, protracted bombing of Serbia was "the first offensive action for NATO, and the first time that confederate armed potencys were unleashed against a sovereign nation with which the United States was not formally at war or without express authorization by the United Nations credential Council," observes Stephen Presser, professor of law at Northwestern University. "What we were doing in the Balkans is part of the post-Vietnam creation of a new set of doctrines of international law. These doctrines lack clearly defined limits," he warns. "We may be witnessing the opening moves in the forging of a New Global order that fundamentally impairs national sovereignty and allows possessors of superior military force to dictate the basic terms of domestic life to other nations without even the formalities of conquest." In the current issue of Orbis, a quarterly publication of the unknown Policy Research Institute (fpri.org), Presser argues that the real re ason for NATOs bombing of a sovereign nation "appears to start out been to compel Belgrade to cede autonomy, if not territory, to a minority ethnic group. What is there, then, in the United Nations charter or in international law that would authorize our action in the Balkans," he asks, "and what, if any, are the dig and the limits of our new doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention? The UN Charter seeks to secure both the nurtureion of fundamental human rights and the equal rights of nations large and small," Presser notes. "The Charter clearly undertakes to protect the territorial haleness and the sovereignty of individual nations, and seems to preclude interference in a nations domestic affairs unless the Security Council declares a situation a threat to international peace and security and expressly authorizes intervention. While the UN and its agencies expressed official concern about what went on in the Balkans," he affirms, "the Security Council d id not authorize intervention in Kosovo by UN or NATO forces." Presser points out that "a series of international law doctrines wholly outside the UN Charter authorize interference by one state in anothers affairs. These have included military actions to protect ones own citizens who are within anothers borders, and there have been several armed interventions by individual or groups of nations purportedly to protect the rights of minorities in particular or human rights in general, whether or not the individuals to be protected were citizens of the intervening nations.

Realism in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Realism in Oedipus Rex This essay will examine a lineament of Sophocles tragedy which causes the reader to doubt the realism underlying the literary work. Specifically, the essay will consider the feasability of the belief at that time that the Delphi oracle possessed credibility with the people. At the outset of the drama the priest of Zeus and the crowd of citizens of Thebes are gathered before the royal palace of Thebes tal power to King Oedipus about the encrust which is ravaging the city. The king is sorely troubled and laments the sad situation. Then he says I have sent Menoeceus son, Creon, my consorts brother, to inquire Of Pythian Phoebus at his Delphic shrine, How I energy save the State by act or word. And now I reckon up the tale of days Since he set forth, and marvel how he fares. Tis strange, this endless tarrying, passing strange. But when he comes, then I were base indeed, If I perform not all the god declares. From this passage it would appear tha t the king has full faith in the awaited advice from the oracle at Delphi. Is this notion historicaly accurate? Did Sophocles contmeporaries actually put such trust in their pagan gods and goddesses? As Brian Wilkie and James Hurt state in Sophocles Humanity in his plays is an integral part of a world-order that can be only partially understood at best. The cosmic system includes, besides human beings and nature, those darkly inscrutable forces identified inadequately as the gods and fate (718). When Creon returns, he gives his subject area publicly CREON Let me report then all the god declared. King Phoebus bids us straitly extirpate A fell pollution that ... ...74). Cypselus consulted the oracle, and on the basis of its answer, set to work to make himself compass of Corinth (376)which he ruled for many years. Thus we have seen that Sophocles is not being imaginative when he bases the action of the tragedy Oedipus Rex upon the words of the oracle at Delphi. It is only con sistent with historical data available from that time period of the fifth century BC. WORKS CITED Herodotus. The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt. England Penguin Books, 1972. Sophocles In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedipus

Summer of the Mad Monk Essay -- essays research papers

The Summer of The Mad MonkThe year is 1936. Philip Tyler is an imaginative, 12-year-old boy. He lives on a farm outside of the sm every last(predicate)(prenominal) town of Delia in Alberta scarcely their farm is suffering and their lives are suffering because of the Great Depression. They have lived in poverty for as long as he could remember, so he, like many other boys in that time had to be creative and imaginative.School was nearing the end of the year, and he and his best friend shovel had nothing to look forward to. Diggers father had noticed and he gave the boys an old .22 to work on because the barrel was crooked. Pip and Digger had worked on the thing for weeks and when they were done, it looked preposterous so they carved the handle to look like an old Colt .44. They had so much pride in their, homemade gun. The next thing Pip k refreshed was that they were in town, when Digger took it out to show Pete McKnight. Pip knew this was not a good idea because Pete was known as the town trouble maker. Pete McKnights face was wiped clean of all expression, and he had a look Pip had never seen before on him, a look of raw envy.Pete took the gun, and was playing around with it when he accidentally dig it off and it went whizzing past the town drunks head. It noise was so loud that people came running from everywhere. So they threw the gun in a bush and they ran off. But they didnt get very far before the sheriff caught them.After that, their parents came for the punishment at the town hall. The sheriff said that they would have to destroy the gun. So he gave the gun to the new blacksmith in town to destroy. The blacksmiths name was Raspinsky. There was something very odd about Raspinsky. He had ice blue eyes that could almost hypnotize a somebody and he walked and talked like he was authority. They said he was from Russia and that he knew very little English.A few days later he and his father had gone to visit a close family friend, Mr.Hewitt. Jack Hewit t always lent Pip books to read because Pip never had any. This week, Jack lent Phillip, The Russian Revolution which was whole fourteen years before. Phillip got very caught up in the book and he started realizing that the Tsars family doctor, Rasputin, had seemed to remind him a lot of Raspinsky. Rasputin was a monk who gave aid to the tsar of Russia family, but many thought that he was evil because he could heal people telep... ... that his parents property was right across the road from theirs. So he left the horse there, and he crossed the road trying to feel for their fence. When he found it, a burst of relief overtook him He followed the fence all the way to his house and he scrambled into the front door. He must have been covered in what felt like a foot of corpse on him He went and took a bath in the wash bucket and then went to the nice comfort of his bed.He had a dreamless sleep and in the morning, he went and filled some canteens. He then went for his horse and then a gain took off for the cave. When he got there, he was happy to see that Raspinsky wasnt earnestly covered in dust. He was happy to see that Phillip brought him some water. When he was replenished, Raspinsky told Pip that he would have to leave the country right away if he were going to escape from the Mounties. Pip was sad but he knew it had to be done. Rasputin mounted Phillips horse and then promised that Pip shall have a good intent Rasputin took for the hills and Phillip waved to him and he waved back. Now Pip had the trouble of getting home, but if it was one thing that Phillip learned it was that nothing is impossible.The End

Summer of the Mad Monk Essay -- essays research papers

The Summer of The Mad MonkThe year is 1936. Philip Tyler is an imaginative, 12-year-old boy. He lives on a farm outside of the diminutive town of Delia in Alberta but their farm is suffering and their lives are suffering because of the Great Depression. They have lived in poverty for as long as he could remember, so he, like galore(postnominal) other boys in that time had to be creative and imaginative.School was nearing the end of the year, and he and his best friend spadeful had nonentity to look forward to. Diggers father had noticed and he gave the boys an old .22 to work on because the barrel was crooked. Pip and Digger had worked on the thing for weeks and when they were done, it looked funny so they carved the handle to look like an old Colt .44. They had so much pride in their, homemade gun. The next thing Pip knew was that they were in town, when Digger took it out to show Pete McKnight. Pip knew this was not a good idea because Pete was known as the town trouble maker. Pete McKnights face was wiped clean of all expression, and he had a look Pip had never seen before on him, a look of raw envy.Pete took the gun, and was playing around with it when he accidentally shot it bump off and it went whizzing past the town drunks head. It noise was so loud that people came running from everywhere. So they threw the gun in a bush and they ran off. But they didnt claim very far before the sheriff caught them.After that, their parents came for the punishment at the town hall. The sheriff said that they would have to destroy the gun. So he gave the gun to the new blacksmith in town to destroy. The blacksmiths name was Raspinsky. There was something very odd about Raspinsky. He had ice blue eyes that could almost hypnotize a person and he walked and talked like he was authority. They said he was from Russia and that he knew very little English.A few days later he and his father had gone to squall a close family friend, Mr.Hewitt. Jack Hewitt al instructions lent Pip books to read because Pip never had any. This week, Jack lent Phillip, The Russian Revolution which was only xiv years before. Phillip got very caught up in the book and he started realizing that the Tsars family doctor, Rasputin, had seemed to remind him a lot of Raspinsky. Rasputin was a monk who gave aid to the tsar of Russia family, but many thought that he was evil because he could heal people telep... ... that his parents property was right across the road from theirs. So he left(a) the horse there, and he crossed the road trying to feel for their fence. When he found it, a burst of relief overtook him He followed the fence all the way to his house and he scrambled into the front door. He must have been cover in what felt like a foot of dust on him He went and took a bath in the wash bucket and then went to the nice comfort of his bed.He had a dreamless sleep and in the morning, he went and filled some canteens. He then went for his horse and then again took off fo r the cave. When he got there, he was happy to see that Raspinsky wasnt badly covered in dust. He was happy to see that Phillip brought him some water. When he was replenished, Raspinsky told Pip that he would have to leave the country right away if he were loss to escape from the Mounties. Pip was sad but he knew it had to be done. Rasputin mounted Phillips horse and then promised that Pip shall have a good life Rasputin took for the hills and Phillip waved to him and he waved back. Now Pip had the trouble of getting home, but if it was one thing that Phillip learned it was that nothing is impossible.The End

Era of Globalization

This century is an era of globalization and with the high technology and transformation.As of 2011, one-third of the 2.26 billion of the worlds population are having internet access and this will be risen up to 40% by this year 2016 as intercommunicate by the Broadband Commission (Dron, J. Anderson, T., 20143). The ruinment of technology today and the integration of this modern technology into the learning process lead to educational evaluation and sweetening (Ataie F. et.al, 201547).The impact of the technology in the education of today is not new in the education process. The internet and other related technologies bring information, research, and literature place to the classroom (Fewkes A. M. McCabe M., 201293).Technology gives the pupils free access to information and resources twenty-four hours in seven days (24/7), that enables them to create multimedia content and share it with the world, and that allows them to participate in online neighborly mesh topologys and co mmunities where people from all over the world share ideas, collaborate, and learn new things (U.S. Department of Education, 2010).Most of the students today are defined by their credit on fond media, their technological multitasking capabilities, and their propensity toward all things new (Mills N., 2011345).The social media has become an integral part of modern society (Web Designer Depot staff, 2009) and besides known as Web 2.0 (Dewing M., 2010 Cann A., Dimitriou K. Hooley T., 2011).).Social media are computer-mediated technologies that allow individuals, companies, NGOs, government, and other organization to view, create, and share information, ideas, career interests, and other form of expression via virtual communities and network (Wikipedia contributor, 2016).There are many kinds of social media, social networking (Facebook), micro blogging (Twitter), video share (YouTube), tidings aggregation (Google reader), social search (Google), and instant electronic messaging (Yahoo Messenger, Skype) (Zafarani, R., Abbasi, M. A., Liu, H., 2014).These social media tools produce information every day (Cann A., Dimitriou K. Hooley T., 2011 Al-rahmi, W. M., Othman, M. S., Yusof, L. M., Musa, M. A., 2015267) and provides collaboration learning process by looking at the contributions of other students in the collaborative working blank shell and by reflecting on their own contributions as well (Hopkins B., 2016, Balakrishnan, V., 201636).Through social media the students are able to interact with one another, build a sense of community, develop content, as well as require students to be active in their own learning by participating, thinking, and contributing (Casey and Evans, 2011 Al-rahmi, W. M., Othman, M. S., Yusof, L. M., Musa, M. A., 2015265).The students are able to upload their ideas in a social media sites and receive feedback from others (Balakrishnan V., 201635). Social media become both medium of formal and informal learning process (Balakri shnan V., 201635).Collaboration becomes easy beca practice social media makes connection and interaction of one another easily anytime, anywhere and it provides the chance to understand individuals and human behavioral patterns (Zafarani R. et.al, 2014).Learning through social media with others, therefore, is an opportunity, Dron J. Anderson T., 20149). Facebook specifically can be considered as way of communication for learners to exchange information (Al-rahmi, W. M., Othman, M. S., Yusof, L. M., Musa, M. A. 2015266).Facebook is a social networking service launched on February 4, 2004 and was founded by Mark Zuckerberg. He founded Facebook while studying psychology at Harvard University (Phillips, S., 2005). Facebook has gained extreme popularity among the internet users over the past few years. This social network was intended for personal communication among individuals yet today many other organizations use it for their advantage (Alhomod, S. M., Shafi, M. M., 201252).In th e first quarter of 2015 Facebook revealed that it had more than 1.44 billion monthly active users (up 13 pct year-over-year). Of those, 1.25 billion were mobile users an increase of 24 percent year over year (Protalinski, E., 2015). Facebook was the first social network to surpass 1 billion registered accounts and currently sits at 1.59 billion monthly active users (Statista site, 2016).As of the fourth quarter of 2015, Facebook had 1.59 billion monthly active users. In the third quarter of 2012, the number of active Facebook users had surpassed 1 billion (Statista site, 2016). Mostly, people use Facebook for chatting, for sharing photos, for posting videos, for staying in touch and sharing personal news, plan meetings and get-together, do homework and business to gethers, find and contact long-lost friends and relatives (Collier, A., Magid, L., 20102).For the young users, they use Facebook for day-to-day news about their friends, acquaintances, relatives, and peer groups, collabor ating on school work, validation or emotional support, self-expression and the identity exploration and formation that occurs in adolescent development (Collier, A., Magid, L., 20102).There are a lot of studies already conducted to know the connection between Facebook and educational process and these studies have established that Facebook can act as a tool of communication in the modern educational transcription (Alhomod, S. M., Shafi, M. M., 201252). Facebook, as social network, provides positive impacts in the educational sector.It creates a group or network, builds educational, integrates into current educational tools, and develops an educational application, shares topic information with other users of the Facebook (Alhomod, S. M., Shafi, M. M., 201253).A recent study of the attitudes of 107 students toward Facebook provides some insights and this study found out that Facebook was preferred over eLearning Commons as a classroom supplement.Many of the students were already familiar with Facebook, used it frequently and found it easy to navigate (Barczyk, C.C. Duncan, D.G., 20132). This means that one contribution of Facebook in the educational system is it serves as the source of knowledge and information outside the classroom where formal education process is done. Furthermore, the study provided that if used appropriately, Facebook may help to increase student engagement by cultivating classroom community and stimulating intellectual discourse, (Barczyk, C.C. Duncan, D.G., 20132).This means that Facebook can be used effectively for academic discussions (Barczyk, C.C. Duncan, D.G., 20132).Facebook enhances the learning process. This is the reason wherefore most Facebook widely used by college students and colleges.As we mentioned already, the students can upload videos, pictures, post to bulletin boards, and participate in communication via e-mail and instant messaging (Toland, R., 201341). Then Facebook is a social network that connects students with other students and creating an indirectly learning community which is vital components of educational process (Toland, R., 201341).Finally, Facebook can be used as learning tool to develop cognitive learning skills of the students (Toland, R., 201341).How does collaboration happened in social media, in Facebook to be specific? According to Cann A., Dimitriou K. Hooley T. (2011) collaboration in social media involves academic research cycle, namelyIdentification of knowledge,Creation of knowledge,Quality assurance of knowledge, andDissemination of knowledge.Cann A., Dimitriou K. Hooley T. (2011) defined collaboration as the work of all the people who might be knotty in research including researchers, librarians, funders and the general public. Identification of information in social media is possible because of the connection with other people.Information also can be obtained through comments orgasm from the people you are connected through social media. Creation of knowledg e is possible in social media through share ideas and/or advices coming from learned individual.Quality assurance of knowledge in social media is possible because of peer scrutiny and/or peer review. Dissemination of knowledge involves communication and/or engaging with the public and discussing related controversial issues.

Girl Scout Investiture

A Girl Scout investiture ceremony is a gathering in which impertinent members, girls or women, are welcomed into the Girl Scout family by members. . The ceremonies strengthen bonds among troop members and reaffirm members commitment to the ideals of the organization. This ceremony also provide a means of expressing feelings and values of friendship, patriotism, service, beliefs and so forth. As part of the Girl Scout cycle, Our Lady of Caysasay Academy conducted an Investiture ceremony in order for the new female members to graduate from being junior-grade Girl Scouts of the Philippines to Senior Scouts.The Investiture was held at the OLCA Gymnasium on . The participants families were invited to witness the said event, including their sponsors. The investiture was headed by the schools Girl Scout Moderator, Ms. Mylen Sarmiento, Ms. Roxanne Acuna and Ms. Shirly Vergara. entering of the color party was first happened in the said event. There were 3 chosen students who was assigned as markers. After that, everyone sang our national anthem , Lupang Hinirang with pride.Pledge of bail bond to the Philippine flag was recited by a grade 7 student, Eloisa Ferrer . Michaela Hernandez sang Lead me Lord as an open up prayer. The President of Girl Scout, Diana Mosqueda led the opening remarks. Ms. Yolly Adalin, Olcas vice principal and all the moderators of the Girl Scout organization give some inspirational speech to welcome and congratulate all the new members of girl outlook. Angelica Landicho was the one who recited the Girl Scout Law. Charlene Liao led the Girl Scout promise.While taking this oath everyone stand with honour and pride, holding our right fleet raised level with our shoulder, palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the digitus minimus (little finger) and the other three fingers upright, pointing upwardsThis is the scouts salute and secret sign. There are several chosen students to light each candle. Each scout were their own sponsor. Our s ponsor was the one who put the neckerchief and Ms. Yolly Adalin was the one who was pinning the Girl Scout badge.It will identifies us as persons of character, ready to serve others. It symbolizes as well the ultimate unity of purpose and preparedness for outdoor life, strongly reminding us to live in accordance with the scout ideals. Before we cease the ceremony all of us sang and danced Together , we change the World. , The ceremony was held in the afternoon. It started at one oclock and ended successfully at three oclock. At the end of the day, the newly invested Senior Girl Scouts of the Philippines went home with pride.

New grading policy

In the present paper, I would like to provide my arguments against the new grading constitution, whose genius is random selection of grades. In fact, there are two points of its fallibility the fact that it actually measures students luck rather than their true achievements and that it destroys the entire purpose of education as the process of gaining knowledge and skills.First of all, it is necessary to define the term grading. According to the Educational Policies Committee, grading is the main symbolic method of recording the evaluation of a students academic performance (Educational Policies Committee, 1991). Evaluation, in turn, can be defined as assessment of the value of individual achievements, according to the exist educational standards. Education, according to Fuhrmann and Grasha (1983), is the development of knowledge, skills and character of students through continuous motivation (Fuhrmann and Grasha, 1983, p.156).As one can understand, the new grading insurance doe s not even up up the interrelation between the students academic attainments and performance and the symbolic mark, letter or figure. Those learners whose achievements are poorer have an opportunity to receive high grades through random selection method, whereas more successful and hard- transactioning students might fail in terms of grade. Consequently, one can sum up that the new policy actually measures the persons luck, as the grade does not depend upon their efforts, skills or abilities.Furthermore, given the definition of education, it is possible to assume that the new grading policy contradicts to the purpose of college or university studies. This principle of grading does not motivate students to develop the necessary knowledge and skills, as their performance is not appropriately evaluated, i.e. the truth rough the value of achievement is distorted. Therefore, students, being aware of the fact that the true information about their attainment will not be provided, are un likely to work on their academic performance and lose the willingness to succeed.To sum up, a positive appraisal of ones achievements is amongst the major incentives in the education system. The learners thus are unlikely to become true professionals after this motivator is eliminated with the introduction of the new grading policy.Works citedEducational Policies Committee. Responsibility for Grading and Grading Policy. 4 Apr 1991, http//www.usu.edu/policies/pdf/Grading-Responsibility.pdfFuhrmann, B. and Grasha, A. A Practical Handbook for College Teachers. Boston Little Brown, 1993.

Phillip Wheatly

What argon the elements of a national literature? the expression of a nations mind in writing What ar the characteristics of early American literature? Who were Americas earliest save uprs and what were their concerns? Thomas Paine, Phillis wheatley, brad street What can you learn from primary sources virtually early life in the colonies? What are the elements of persuasive writing?-What arguments for or against the use of Native American mascots exist? What does the poetry of colonial America show us about the period? How does the organise of a poem affect its meaning? depending on how something is read or written it can be sent across in a unalike manner What do Puritan sermons reveal about the pressure of colonial life? it was hard What were some primary tenets of Puritan beliefs? They wanted complete speration from all(a) religion. What genres does American literature include?What historical insights can an autobiography impart? How can the written word lead to revolu tion? persuasive writing and strong-growing writing can lead to argument which can lead to war What elements make persuasive writing effective? It help change the mind of the interpreting helping them to see things in a different light How is the Declaration of Independence structured?- it was structured like a poem How much meter should I devote to the writing process during a timed test? just enough time to think about what youre going to write and how youre going to write it What strategies can I use to improve my confidence writing under time constraints? thinking ahead of time about what youre going to write about and knowing how to word it

Behind Closed Doors at WorldCom Essay

1.Two General Accounting employeesDan Renfroe and Angela Walter do journal entries in the amount of $150 million and $171 million, respectively, with come forward detailed alimentation. It was noted that this was not out of the ordinary at WorldCom. In your opinion, was this a proper accounting practice? Explain. Though this may not be out of the ordinary for WorldCom, this is not a correct accounting practice. The way the entries were made does not comply with the proper account practice according to GAAP. Detailed support is an important part of providing support to a journal entry and it relieves the reason or purpose as to why the journal entry was created.2.Based on GAPP, describe the propriety or conversancy of releasing of $150 million in line of credit cost accruals in the Wireless division over Deloris DiCiccos objections. Support your position using the imperious accounting literature. When instructed to reduce the Wireless Divisions line cost by $150 million due to sa vings from the prior period, DiCicco refused because there was no support for the entry. WorldCom would prep ar an adjusting entry each month to recognize the estimated cost of the period as period expense, by capitalizing the expense as an accrued interest. check to GAAP, a line item cost must be reported as an expense on a companys income statement. WorldCom capitalized the line expense, kinda of expensing it and placed it on the balance sheet as an accrued liability rather than on the income statement as an operating expense.3.On the topic of capitalizing line costs, review article the rationale included in CEO Scott Sullivans White Paper. Based on your own analysis of GAAP, explain the propriety or impropriety of capitalizing line costs in the telecom industry. In the White Paper presented to the Board of Directors, the CEO Scott Sullivan supported the decision to capitalize line costs. Sullivan provided that the White Paper was in line with the companys goal of maintaining s trong growth rate through increasing its capital investment. Management noted that the treatment of the E/R cots as an asset was in no way in any contradiction of the definition of an asset as per FASB Concept Statement No. 6 which states, Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. However, as per GAAP, line costs must be reported as an expense in the companys income statement as these are fundamentally,operating expenses. It was plant in the Balance Sheet as an accrued liability rather than in the income statement as an accrued expense. This resulted in falsely projecting income and benefit and concealing huge losses by wrongly capitalizing the line costs.4.Consider journal entry that recognized $35 million of revenue in 2001 from the EDS bewilder based on WorlComs expectation that the five-year required cumulative minimum payment would not be met. Based on your own analysis of GAAP, expl ain the propriety to impropriety of this journal entry. This is not in compliance with the provisions of GAAP or SAB 101. Revenue should not be recognized until it is realized or becomes realizable and earned. If we followed this statement the company did not have realized revenue Furthermore, the penalty payments if enforced could not be paid till the year 2005 as stated in the contract. Also, the journal entry resulted in recognizing revenue when it was not earned or realized and thus, overstated the profits.5.Why do you think the professionals in this case, more or less of whom are CPAs, would agree to record a material journal entry contrary to their best professional judgment? I think that in many situations employees were able to twist statements which follow GAAP guidelines. May employees were convinced they were doing the right thing and those that were unwilling to participate were overlooked. Most of the material journal entries which were made contrary to best judgment w ere so done with a view to mask the declining profits and to show increasing profits, which in turn would increase stock prices.6.In general, how does the role of Internal Auditing differ from the role of Independent (or External) Auditing? What is the role of Internal Auditing in a well-run corporation? When commited by internal scrutinizeors, what is a financial study versus an operating audit? Do you think WorldComs Internal Audit Department was functioning as it should have been? Explain. Internal auditors work within an transcription and report to its audit committee and/or directors. They help to design the companys organizing systems and help develop specific risk management policies. External auditors are independent of the placement they are auditing. They report to the companys shareholders. They provide their experienced opinion on the truthfulness of the companys financial statements and perform work on a test basis to monitor systems in place. Internal Auditingis designed to look at the key risks facing the assembly line and how the business is managing those risks effectively. It usually results in recommendations for improvement across departments. Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations.It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. A financial audit is an audit or examination of the financial reporting process, determining the reliability and integrity of the financial statements and preparation of such statements. It also involves an appraisal of the internal controls related to the pay function of the enterprise. An operational audit, on the other hand, is a systematic review and evaluation of an operational unit in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency of operations, performance of its laid down objectives and goals, and determining its appropriateness in the use of various resources. It is clear that the WorldComs Internal Audit department was not functioning as it should have been. It was concentrating only on operational audits and totally avoiding financial audits. On the cause of cost-saving, it clearly avoided any and every function which could overlap with the role of the extraneous auditors.

China & Art Essay

mainland China is probably the most influential and powerful civilization in Asia and is a good source of a very rich cultural and artistic heritage. In its early centuries, Buddhism, as the major religion of China has had a great influence in the countrys artistic imagery. Other art forms that thrived during this period were painting and calligraphy. It is also during this early time periods that China invented maven of its greatest contributions to art and to the world paper. Very early in during this period, the Chinese made what they called the mingqi.These are sculpted figures of soldiers, attendants, entertainers, and also of usual objects that people need and consumption such as ho maps, wells, stoves, and more. This is in part of their belief that nevertheless after death they would inactive need those things and continue living their usual routines as when they were still alive. Some of the early proofs of Buddhism in China were the carvings of Buddhist Images on the cl iffs at Kungwangshan in Jiangsu Province. These images were dated back to around the 2nd century.At around snow A. D. the Chinese had started working on developing paper. Rag paper (probably the setoff forms of paper) that was found was dated to as early as the 2nd century B. C. The first marijuana paper however that had writings on it were dated to around 109 A. D. Cai Lun was one of those people who helped developed the method for mass-producing paper made from tree bark, hemp and linen. It was by the 3rd century that paper had been widely used in China. China also has their share of Ceramics.Ceramic products that hailed from the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu are most admired. These provinces also had paper in the creation of burial urns shaped like animals. The period from 220 to 265 A. D. was the period of the Three Kingdoms. Known for its Chivalric and Romantic nature, it became the setting and inspiration of one of Chinas favorite historical novel. Written by Luo Guanz hong entitled Sanguo zhi yanyi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms) was published during the 14th century.Towards the end of these first 5 centuries at 317 to 420 A. D. , the arts flourished even more in China particularly at Nanjing in Jiangsu Province. It was also the period of development of Chinese literature. Some important Chinese personalities that arose from that time were Wang Xizhi for calligraphy, Gu Kaizhi for figure painting, and Tao Qian (aka Tao Yuanming) for poetry. And at the 5th century Xie He wrote the Guhua pinlu (Classification of Ancient Painters).Being one of the most famous Chinese critics, he wrote this book stating six laws which he thinks are the good characteristics of a work of art and the person who created it. His ideas have been recognized and considered in Chinese painting ever since. Conclusion It is quite discernible that in the three East Asian Cultures that were discussed, it seems that the Chinese really had a lot to contribute in terms of creating art and understanding art during the antediluvian patriarch times. And these contributions and ideas are still apparent even to the innovate day.Let us not fail to consider that other Asian cultures also had their own influences and contributions to , Asia and the beingness but China probably just had the most influential ones because they were probably the first in doing and developing many things also considering how big and powerful the Chinese civilization is. In realiseing for a commonality, it seemed that all three had their share of ceramic and pottery craft. Naturally, they did not yet have plastic back accordingly and they were still quite new to metals which was why clay would be the main material they would likely use in creating things.They also had a different use for some pottery they used some urns as sort of coffins in which they placed their dead. In understanding todays culture, it would be good to look back and understand the ancient forms of art that had a g reat role in the development of a culture and how it influences other surrounding cultures up to the present days.Works CitedChina, 1ergocalciferol A. D. . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/ht/05/eac/ht05eac. htm (October 2000)Haniwa Boar Japan (1975. 268. 418). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/ho/05/eaj/ho_1975. 268. 418. htm (October 2006) Japan, 1500 A. D. . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/ht/05/eaj/ht05eaj. htm (October 2000) Korea, 1500 A. D. . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/ht/05/eak/ht05eak. htm (October 2000)

Mintzberg and Management Essay

Throughout the 20th century a strong focus was placed on the principles behind charge with Henri Fayols 1916 publication Administration Industrielle et Gnrale being one of the first books aimed solely at deciphering and understanding the intricate concepts of management. In his book Fayol presents his important model of management from the perspective on an executive.Fayol lists and discusses fourteen principles of management which, although nary(prenominal)-exhaustive, provides a guide on the execution of what he proposed to be the volt elemental processes of management. These quin primary processes consisted of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling which advocated Fayols support of a dynamic system of management. In response to changing contexts, other new theories have been placed forward by other distinguished academia such as Henry Mintzberg (1973), John Kotter (1982) and C.P. Hales (1986) which offer more concurrent perspectives on the concept of m anagement. born(p) in 1841 Henri Fayol had, after a three decade career as a mining practitioner, committed himself to the promotion of his theories on administration in 1916 with the publication of his book Administration Industrielle et Gnrale up until his death in 1925. Contextually influenced by the bourgeois environment of a support revolutionized France, Fayol advocated the notion of a flexible system of management which could be applied to more than just one setting.In his book, Fayol devotes more time and focuses on the five processes of management in contrast to the fourteen management principles as claimed by (Fells, M.J., 2000, p. 358). The first element, planning, is defined two to assess the future and make provision for it (Fayol, 1949, p.43). He goes on to describe that this dynamic plan must take into account a list of factors such as resources, work-in-progress, and future trends. Organizing considers the functional components of organizations along with the per sonnel and discusses the ideal conditions required of them. Commanding considers the responsibility that falls on every motorbus.The goal of managers is to achieve maximum contribution from personnel towards the welfare of the comp whatever done a number of factors. An example of these factors would be elimination of the unproductive, having a thorough knowledge of personnel and their respective binding agreements and an aim to be a office model. The third element ofmanagement is coordinating which is defined as the harmonisation of resources in their optimum proportions in order to achieve results (Fayol, 1949, p. 103).The indicators of a well interrelated organization include efficient departments which harmonize well with the rest, are well informed of their responsibilities and in like manner work to constantly adjusted schedules based on particular demands. The last element, control, focuses on the timely verification of plan implementations. This element is applicable to all the other processes and its sole purpose is to identify any complications, amend any issues and prevent future recurrences.Due to their flexibility in implementation, the correlation between the introduction of Fayols model and the sharp rise in US productiveness levels as well as living standards supports his approach to management (Fells, M.J., 2000, p. 348). Fayols approach is supported by another academic source (Hales, 1989, p. 12) which claims that Fayol grasped the essence of management done his classical formulation of the management functions.In 1973, Henry Mintzberg provided a new conceptualization about the roles of managers through his book The Nature of Managerial consummation. Through his composition Mintzberg proposed and argued that the previously accepted role of managers which adhered to a systematic approach of planning, organizing, coordinating, leading and controlling were in fact false as through his diary analysis, Mintzberg was able to demonstrate that the manager is not a planner in a reflective sense, and no amount of admonition in the literature will make him so.His milieu is stimulus-response. (Mintzberg, 1973, p. 182). By performing an unstructured observation and interview procedure over a two week period, Mintzberg concluded the activities of his field of operations managers could be categorized into three sets of behaviors or roles. He conceptualized these clusters of roles as interpersonal, informational and decisions (Pearson et al, 2003, p. 696). Mintzberg also recognizes that all managers at some time exercise each of these rules but also that different levels of managers will give different priorities to them (Mumford, 1988, p. 3).In terms of contemporary management, Fayol and Mintzberg have contributed greatly to the understanding regarding the concept of management. Howeverboth authors are not exempt from criticisms regarding their approaches. Fayols approach is widely considered to be too theoretical whilst Mint zbergs approach has been criticized for not being theoretical enough.Despite their differences in approach, basically the two theories not only share the same elements under the guise of differently labelled terms, they compliment each other in terms of daring due to the strong correlation between results regarding the behaviour of managerial positions. (Fells, M.J., 2000, p. 359) supports this judgement as the journalist goes on to state that not only are Fayols principles still relevant, they are interrelated at an elemental level with the model of Mintzberg.(Lamond, 2004, p. 350) reinforces this argument through study conducted on a large sample of virile and female managers of different ages and at different managerial levels. Not only did the survey confirm that there were indeed a central set of manager functions, as placed forward by Fayol, there were also a generic set of managerial behaviours as proposed by Mintzberg.In concluding patronage their contextual differences, Henri Fayols Administration Industrielle et Gnrale and Henry Mintzbergs The Nature of Managerial Work fundamentally share the same connatural elements. This is supported by the results which derived from studies conducted by academic sources such as (Lamond, 2004) as well as the research by other academic sources (Fells, M.J. 2000), (Pearson et al, 2003), (Hales, 1989) and (Mumford, 1988). Subsequently both approaches are considered valid and have without a doubt contributed greatly to contemporary management theory.BibliographyFells, M.J. 2000 Fayol stands the test of time. Journal of perplexity History, vol 6, no.8, 345-360Lamond, D. 2004, A matter of style cooperative Henri and Henry. Management Decision, vol. 42, no.2 p. 330-356 Pearson, C.A.L. And Chatterjee, S.R. 2003, Managerial work roles in Asia. An empirical study of Mintzbergs role formulation in four Asian countries. Journal of Management Development, vol. 22, no. 8 p. 694-707Hales, C. 1989, Management Processes, Mana gement Divisions of Labour and Managerial Work Towards a Synthesis. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, vol. 9, no. 5/6, p. 9-38Mumford, A. 1988, What Managers Really Do Management Decision, vol. 26, no. 5, p. 28-30

Drug Control

We Must Do ameliorate Ab prohibited Drugs As we know, all countries in the world prohibited hard medicate, but it means that we are safe and far from medicates? Definitely not Drug eliminated from aboveboard still lived under the night. Prescription dose ab utilize is the Nations fastest-growing dose problem smuggling of drug can never leave (2011 National Drug Control Strategy 4). By the way, womens involvement in drug trafficking in recent years has expanded dramatically (Campbell 233). Spreading of Drug decreases a earths physiologic quality, psychological condition, and life expectancy.Be catch no country could open up those integral losses have from pressure of globe medical benefit, no one open hard drugs. Drug is the demon, which come in from crack of door, confront his villainy that should be bar out. We cannot wait to lambast awareness of drug control we cannot wait to rectify our tactics we cannot wait to arrest more loss happen. Executions of prohibitions , living examples of suffering, and confirmed side-effects warn us must focus on the issue. Prohibition in worldwide was actually helped. Making a general keep abreast of our history, plurality have experienced full of wound bring by drug abuse.In 1840, opium was used by British government as weapon to raise the certain of invasion in China. The plentiful opium destroyed Chinese army, caused factory deficit of labors, and induced a mass of sliver outflow. The nightmare had drop off already. Today, smuggling of drug are still rampant. The grim axiom defining todays Afghanistan, 85 percent of whose citizens are farmers, farmers who cultivate fields of poppies, is that its economy relies on both dueling revenue streams (Draper 58). At May 2, 2011, United States governing Accountability Office acted Office of National Drug Control Policy.The document focused on tether areas where substantial short-term progress can make a significant different in peoples livesprescription drug a buse, drugged driving, and prevention. The document points out that whether struggling with an addiction, worrying about a loved ones substance abuse, or be a victim of drug cogitate crime, millions of people in this country live with the devastating consequences of illicit drug use. Overall the economic daze of illicit drug use on American society totaled more than $ 193 billion in 2007, the ost recent year for which data are available. Drug-induced deaths now outnumber gunshot deaths in America, and in 17 put forwards and Washington, D. C. , they now exceed motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of injury death. In addition, 1 in every 10 cased of HIV diagnosed in 2007 was transmitted via injection drug use, and drug use itself fosters risky behavior contributing to the spread of infectious diseases nationwide. Furthermore, studies of children in foster care examine that two-thirds to three-quarters of cases involve parental substances than high-achieving students.Finall y, Americans with drug or alcohol use dis localize spend more years in the hospital and require more expensive care than they would absent such disorder. This contributes to almost $ 32 billion in medical costs per yeara burden that our communities, employers, and small business cannot afford to bear. This document planed to achieve two goals in 2015. The first one is curtail illicit drug outlay in America the second one is that improve the public health and public safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. 2011 National Drug Control Strategy 1) Still nowadays, almost individual continues the tragedy about drug abuse. Bad trip is generic name of symptoms after taking hallucinogen. They start small and can snowball into anxiety, fear, paranoia, and paralysis. People experiencing a dreary trip may place withdrawn and silent or visibly upset, scared or wild. They may curl up into foetal position. Sufferer may feels like his is going insane, or losi ng control or dying. And he may dismay caught in circular thoughts, like a hall of mirrors.The anxiety may trigger breathlessness or even a full-blown panic attack (Lawrence 28). K3 is a kind of hallucinogen, which just is prohibition era in Kansas for only one month. sooner its ban, so many people experienced bad trip from it. later the lamentable nice feeling, billowy terrible emotions will come. Some people may black out when they driving or do more or lessthing, the disruption would cause accident. According to the National Highway Traffic arctic Administration, roughly one in eight weekend, nighttime drivers tested positive for illicit drug. Wu et al. 358) In 2009, drivers who were killed in motor vehicle crashes (and subsequently tested and had results reported), one in three tested positive for drugs. whiz in eight high school seniors self-report that in the last 2 weeks they drove a car after using marijuana( Lu et al. 111). The Centers for Disease Control and Preven tion (CDC) claimed that more than 27,000 people died from drug drug death in 2007. Drug is the Dementor, a kind of monster in Hurry Potter, which living relys on people blessedness and soul.Apiate caused low physical quality, dysendororisiasis and anaphrodisia ice and other amphetamine would lead to over exciting, which probable cause violence crime, also make permanent physical injury to brain taking diacetylmorphine may live in 20 years, however, taking ice must get mad in five years also, marijuana increase lung cancer rate LSD, Lysergids may caused schizophrenia (Jafari 373). According to a survey of Addiction Treatment Centre in Yunnan China, rate of drug relapse closes to one ampere-second percent (Zhu et al. 641).Drug and alcohol use affects health outcomes, job opportunities, family life, military preparedness, and academic outcome. It is necessary for us to raise awareness against any kinds of drugs. Also government should improve job market to ensure the livelihood of p oor people, thus they did not have to plant or charge drug for money, expressly in somewhat barren regions. At the same time, strong policy is important for drug control. Prescriptive drug use should be limited and customers have to register their name and information. Severe punitive measures will be effective, and properly immigration control will be helpful.Government and school have responsibility to let students know how bad drug is. Milton Friedman, Noble Prize in Economic Science owner in 1976, had claimed that Reason with the dominance addict, yes. Tell him the consequences, yes. Pray for and with him, yes. But I believe that we have no right to use force, right off or indirectly, to prevent a fellow man from committing suicide, let alone from drinking alcohol or taking drugs. (Thompson 546) He believed that we seem decided to make the same mistake as Alcohol ban in early 1920. Is that unbent?The right way to reduce suffering drug brings to us is qualification drug le gal? Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. Spreading of Drug decreases a nations physical quality, psychological condition, and life expectancy. Because no country could afford those integral losses bring from pressure of public medical benefit, no one open hard drugs. Its not true that drug control leads to high price of it its not true that drug control cause poor quality drug which more harmful to physical its not true that drug control convenient people plant charge of concealing drug to others.This monster breaks up felicitousness family, rein people life which should have bright light, destroy a nation doomed eternally. Thats drugs truth. People need control themselves away from drug, human also do. Prohibition of drug is an effective way. Some people consider that drug control already start an end of drug age. The fact is that although sun was here, the dark still remain in nook. Human became stronger because of our reason and automatic control. However, drug coul d broke our magic clear brain, let us mad or decadence and lose our brassy emotions and logical.As we cannot sure to control us from nerve disturb, far away from drug is the most sensible choice. Before we try it, we can choose take it or not, however, after taking, reason and knowledge and intelligence spare their power to stop calamity happening. So, just take care 1 . Hypophora. This sentence asks a move that will be answered immediately after. 2 . Antithesis. Expresses opposite concepts to highlight emphasis on the topic. 3 . Parallelism. The state of being parallel or of check in some way. 4 .Metaphor. The sentence in order to show that the two things have same qualities. 5 . Anaphora. The repetition of a word or language at the beginning of successive clauses. 6 . Parallelism. The state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way. 7 . Parallelism. The state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way. 8 . Oxymoron. Apparently contradictiory terms appe ar in conjunction. 9 . Metaphor. The sentence in order to show that the two things have same qualities. 10 . Parallelism. The state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way. 11 . Hypophora. This sentence asks a question that will be answered immediately after. 12 . Parallelism. The state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way. 13 . Anaphora. The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. 14 . Parallelism. The state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way. Metaphor. 15 . Oxymoron. Apparently contradictiory terms appear in conjunction. 16 . Metaphor. The sentence in order to show that the two things have same qualities. 17 . Analogy. Comparision between one thing and another.

How Sustainable Is A Wind Energy System Environmental Sciences Essay

A The literary signifi stoogece of sustainability derived from the Latin word which means nurture or support. However, since 1980, sustainability has been use for environment and development related to environment. With the progress of engineering, world lives become more mechanised and modern. In this modern universe we depend on more in engineering than earlier, so more slide fastener is required for our modernised nine. To carry through our demands we burn raise which we get from the natural reservoir. By firing this natural fuel non unless we destroy our natural resources, save in addition we increase the C acclivity in the environment.The simple definition sustainability is bettering the tonus of human look while populating within the transporting capacity of back uping eco- governing bodys , ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development ) . a sustainable planetary society founded on regard for nature, cosmopolitan human rights, econo mic justness, and a civilization of peace. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.earthcharterinaction.org/ subject/ )Ethical issueA I chooseI chose wind pushing systems is a sustainable and renewable push button which is produced from telephone line underway. This sustainable or renewable vital force is postcode which comes from natural resources air on-going heftiness is one of the illustrations of sustainable muscle. Wind zero is pollution free, sustainable signifier of energy which can sanction us to blue-pencil down the traditional dodo based power coevals. Many industrialised states such as US, Canada recognised that air current energy is a lasting, sustainable economic and environmentally friendly, which secured energy monetary value and supply. Wind energy is a green energy which supports long term energy supply to our environment from renewable resources.Wind energy systemsUsing air current energy system to claim out power is advantageous in many facets. On the other manus if fogy fuel is used as an energy beginning, it increases the carbon-di- oxide degree in the air and it is dearly-won. Wind energy is pollution free, sustainable signifier of energy which can cut down the traditional dodo fuel energy coevals. If we continue to transport by the energy by firing the dodo fuel, there will be singular impact and alterations in the environment such as planetary heating, utmost conditions events ( such as inordinate inundation, draught etc ) , and atmospheric instability.Air pollutionTo bring out air current energy, there is no demand of any signifier of fuel. Wind turbines argon acquiring powered by air current, so wind energy green justss zero emanation to the environment. Fossil fuel contributes to bring forth acerb rain, smog and every bit good as clime alteration.Harmonizing to western air current energy, Using air current to bring forth adequate power for over 200 places ( 2,000,000 kWh ) of electricity alternatively of firing c oal will go forth 900,000 kgs of coal in the land and cut down one-year nursery turgidity emanations by 2,000 metric tons. This is tantamount to taking 417 autos off the highway or seting 10,000 trees. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.westernwindenergy.com/s/Environment.asp )Huge supply of green house gas emanation resulted acid rain which destroyed workss, aquatic environment, edifices etc. the chief causes for acerb rain is inordinate center of economic aid of sulphur-nitrogen compounds present in the air. These harmful sulphur-nitrogen compounds produced from mills, emanations from motor vehicles and from electricity coevals. Coal power works is the most serious agent of bring forthing green house gas. The green house gas from coal power works can go thousand of kilometers before it produce acerb rain. So it polluted our air non merely the mill environing but in addition affect nearby state.There is no uncertainty that production of energy by fogy fuel is harm to our environment and life. Furthermore, during geographic expedition, transit, extraction of resources besides effects the environment. disgrace waste toing consequence on Marine ecology and on wild life during transit of anele is already good known to everyone.So, this is the clip to switch to utilize alternate energy beginnings that is wind energy. By utilizing air current energy to bring forth power we can maintain the environment strip for our following coevals.WaterFrom the American Wind Energy Association web site, it is found that little sum of piss required comparison to coal works. A typical coal works consumes about 0.49 gallons ( 1.90 liters ) * and an oil works consumes about 0.43 gallons ( 1.60 liters ) of pure H2O per kilowatt hr produced. Relatively, wind energy requires 0.001 gallons ( 0.004 liters ) * per kWh, this H2O is used to disrobe the turbine rotor blades when rainfall is deficient to unclutter off dust and insect build-up which would de bring in the form of the aerofoil and degrade public presentation. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.awea.org/ )Cost effectual -to green goods air current energyProducing air current energy is besides sustainable for environment and strong economic system. world(a) heating and contaminated environment impact the economic system in many ways.These are as followsThe US spends more than $ 20 billion a twelvemonth on lung-related unwellnesss associated with debauched air quality due to fogy-based power coevals. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.westernwindenergy.com/s/Environment.asp )Hurricane, inundation harm 100s of house, destroys many lives.Pollution from fossil fuel destroys many marine lives such as fish, H2O works.Green house gases bit by bit increase the mean temperature in the Earth. It besides altering the conditions form in the universe, as a consequence we reserve flood, cyclone, and tsunami really often now a twenty-four hours.Childs are enduring lung unsoundness which diseases create from air pollution.Low birth weight, premature birth and infant deceases besides result of smog.Lake H2O besides contaminated by quicksilver, a toxic heavy metal.However, wind power workss besides have some inauspicious consequence to the environment but the effects are much lower than fossil fuel energy.AFact and recommendationsEnergy is required in every facet from our day-to-day life to industrial intents. We should give out to utilize air current energy to bring forth power which is more sustainable. We need to entrust about this alternate energy resources to carry through our demands while continuing the environments to maintain the environment clean for our future coevalss.Fig 1 adapted from wikipedia ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development )Following are the recommendation to subside the environmental pollution and move to utilize green energy that is wind energyProduction of energy utilizing renewable beginnings that is wind energy wh ich led to cut down the green house gas emanation to the environment.Increase the environmental and ethical consciousness of the people to switch to green power.Environmental consciousness can be done by advertise the inauspicious consequence of dodo fuel energy.Mutuality regulations are required to maintain the environment clean. Government of different developed states need to hold to bring forth green energy by utilizing air current energy system. Merely few states now a twenty-four hours bring forth energy from wind energy systems. As green house gas can go few 100s of stat mis, it can impact many life every bit good destroy the ecological rhythm.Finally, its clip to travel air current energy system to bring forth power for the industrialised universe.DecisionThe chief intent to utilize weave energy system is to maintain clean our environment for the following coevals. The concluding end of utilizing air current energy is the manner to bring forth energy in a sustainable manner. Using air current energy to bring forth power non merely sustainable for the environment but besides economically feasible. Our nonsubjective, at this clip, is to make the company into a outstanding market place.In this century, around the universe terrible emphasis is find in every sector either economic or environmental. Increase in Population is besides a large issue of this emphasis. Energy ingestion additions quickly with the addition of population. Peoples are non taken oversight of their environment at good. To carry through the energy demand we destroy our environment but we besides destruct our life and sustainability of environment and economic system in this universe. Now is the clip to take attention of our life and environment by utilizing alternate air current energy systems to bring forth energy and power for our day-to-day life and for our industrialised society.

The professional teacher in classroom, school, and society

IntroductionBy the 1970s, large authoritiess were criticized about busy the function of markets and the ability of the persons to run their ain personal businesss. Managerialism and marketization of the open services was the chief impression of b atomic number 18-ass public didactics . In cabaret to better the efficiency and effectivity in the populace sector, various schemes such as internal audit and superior confidence admit been introduced. ( Aucoin, 1990 ) As pedagogics is virtuoso of the cardinal public services in Hong Kong, it can non hedge from the tidal force of marketization. The reform is colligate to the transportation of duty from the authorities to the shoal. In other words, at that place is a adjustment in the genius of the authorities engagement with a position to going more competitory and providing for the demands in the market, and the ever-changing universe. Efficiency, answerability, quality and efficient usage of resources imbibe become the ya rdstick in measuring the public presentation by society, authorities and schools. Those standards have made a great impact on instruction at wholly degrees.Policy of Decentralization in SchoolsIn an effort to advance quality instruction in schools, Hong Kong authorities introduced the thought of a school-establish direction theoretical account with a position to conveying about decentalisation. This indemnity based on an premisewhen a market mechanism is in topographic point in the instruction system, schools will go antiphonal and accountable to the populace,and therefore will choose for better-quality public presentation. ( Brown, 1995 )Decentralization allows schools flexibleness to apportion resources. Marketization enhances the power of parents as they provide the demands. Diversity of school was decreased and then the competition between schools is violent. The functions of instructors and assimilators have to alter harmonizing to the above-named factors.Fig. 1 Marketiz ation theoretical account ( Modified from junkie )Parental pickParental pick is bingle of the cardinal influences of the educational market. Restructuring instruction by the authorization of parents and pupils by dint of picks in instruction is the cardinal thought downstairs acceptance of a market-oriented attack. In Hong Kong, most of the parents are fond of English Medium Secondary Schools because they believe in the myths of better educational services internal them. ( Band1cYaeaa?cea? , 2010 ) Presently, instruction is considered as a fall apart of commercial merchandise instead than larning to larn. The whole schooling system can be regarded as a trade practiced market controlled by civilization of quality. Furthermore, schools are the mills for value-addedness while the pupils science get outs are the trade unplayfuls within the market. Parents are the goaded force and exert great force per unit areas to school in order to bring forth better reactivity and academ ic effectivity. ( eSase?-c? eSa?-aee , 2008 )DiversenessIn the aftermath of the economic restructuring of Hong Kong into a service economic system, there was a great alteration of the prevocational and utility(prenominal) practiced schools in 2000. Education and Manpower Bureau revamped and enriched the proficient course of study by stressing more on concern and technological facets every good turn good as linguistic communications. ( Education Department, 1997 ) The differences between secondary proficient schools and mainstream secondary schools became bleary.Furthermore, inclusive instruction is introduced and implemented. Students with finicky educational demands ( SEN pupil ) are encouraged to have instruction in ordinary schools every bit far as possible. This policy increases the learning diverseness of pupils inside chief watercourse schools. This follows with increasing of demands of resources and instructor re- planning. In world, nevertheless, there is unequal suppor t and resources. Under inclusive instruction system, schools can merely have $ 10,000 subsidies for every SEN pupil. Compared with the lord system, schools can enroll one instructor and learning aid for every 15 SEN pupils. ( ez?ae?eaS?a?asca , 2005 ) Merely 6 % of instructors agree with adequate support under the bing system. ( Education Convergence, 2002 )In the past 15 old ages, the diverseness of school is reduced due to revamping secondary proficient schools and inclusive instruction. More and more schools became mainstream schools. Normally, those schools focus on academic facets instead than developing pupil s possible since academic accomplishment of pupils is an of import public presentation index under noesis base society. Students endowments are ever buried.CompetitionUnder marketization, competition becomes oftentimes more serious than earlier. From the fact that the simulacrum of pupils entry to secondary one lessening dramatically ( a?a?aae?a?esa , 2010 ) , school s which did non sting adequate figure of pupils might be closed by the authorities. In order to hedge from this procedure, unlike schools principals utilizing diametrical schemes to pull pupils to analyze their school. The schemes including give different subsidy or even hard gold to the new pupils. Harmonizing to the research ( ee?aaa?a?a?a?aeY? , 2010 ) , some instructors were constrained to advance the school. The promotional activities including be aftering different activities, some even serve as salesmen on the passage to advance the school. We believed that these should non be the responsibilities of instructors. The direct firmness is teacher can non pass equal clip on the lesson planning or fixing resource for pupils. This implies that learning quality in footings of pupil larning result whitethorn deteriorate due to the deficit of readying.Second consider competition between pupils. Hong Kong is a cognition based society. Under the construct of marketization, educatio nal success implies competiveness, which farther elaborates to money and high socio-economical degree. We argued that the ultimate end of instruction should non be served as a tool to mount up to higher socio-economical degree. If marketization continues, the purposes of instruction would go training pupils to accomplish academic success merely and in uniformity. We argued there would be two possible result of this uniformity. The first result is we would lose out value instruction. Previously school non merely concentrate on academic country, but besides the whole individual development of pupils. Teacher can hold flexibleness to learn different country of cognition, but non constrained to the examinational stuffs. But under marketization, we focus on the acquisition result and competiveness between pupils instead than value. It seems that the value instruction is no longer of import in the sophisticated society. Therefore we argued this whitethorn be one of the accounts of the ha ppening of different societal issues.The 2nd possible result of uniformity is the changing of features of pupils. After marketization, we focus more on competition every bit good as public scrutiny. Therefore different accomplishments such as communicating or coaction may be omitted in the course of study. From the illustration of the maestro alumnus in Chinese university, this indicated that our current educational system maintain preparation pupils in this mode. ( a?ac?a?200??ea?a?- , 2011 ) This in bend pupils can merely execute good in the leaven merely, but can non use the cognition in the existent state of affairs or utilizing different accomplishments to range out jobs.The effects of the reform of educational system on instructorsIn fact, the achievement appoint of instructors was really high before the reform of educational system. Teachers have more than 30 periods per hebdomad and it was one of the highest Numberss around the universe ( Cheng, 2004 ) . Furthermore, th e figure of pupils per category prescriptly is really high and it is about 40 per category. It may to a great extent increase the work load of instructors.Under the reform of the educational system, the work load of instructors is farther increased. In the yesteryear, the instructors could still manage their work. It was because of the standardised course of study, lower in-class diverseness of pupils and the comparatively teacher-centered instruction manner. However, under the reform of the educational system, the stria of pupils was changed from 5-band system to 3-band system. In other words, the intra-school diverseness of pupils became much higher. This may ensue in the dramatic addition in the trouble and cost of learning and direction of schools. Ultimately, instructors have to pay more attempt to cover with the jobs in learning, conselling and resources allotment. As the diverseness of pupil additions, the original high quality schools and pupils become second-rate since the resources have to be shifted to cover with the jobs of less able pupils.As mentioned antecedently, inclusive instruction is one of the of import policies under the reform of the educational system. It aims to include some SEN pupils into the normal categories so that SEN pupils can accept the legitimate instruction. This may increase the intra-school diverseness of pupils and the operating cost of schools. Besides, bare back uping resources should be needed. However, a batch of schools do nt run into the standards to suit the SEN pupils and are forced to practise so. Under the state of affairs of high work load and big category , instructors really have non adequate clip and nix to take attention of the SEN pupils. As a consequence, the SEN pupils finally get no benefit.The reform of educational system involves the alteration in the instruction schemes and the usage of the instruction tools. In order to do the instruction more effectual, instructors have to take a batch of prep aration classs about the alteration of the course of study, the application of information engineering and etc. Besides, some instructors have to complete the graduate student sheepskin of instruction. Teachers have to pay excess clip and energy on their surveies. In add-on to the work load and day-to-day responsibilities in school, instructors may experience collapsed. As a consequence, the success of the reform of educational system may be hard to be achieved since instructors really have no clip and energy to take attention of the diverseness of the ability of pupils and aid pupils growing.DecisionIn decision, marketization have its ain advantages such as bettering efficiency of acquisition and instruction in footings of larning result. Nevertheless, the purposes of instruction and value instruction are neglected in the current marketized educational system. We believed that the disadvantages overwhelm the advantages and this is non a good pattern to our following coevals.Entire words 1675

Which Edward Thomas Presents Feelings About Death in ‘Rain’

Remembering again that I shall back up Discuss ways in which doubting doubting Thomas presents feelings virtually death in Rain The forbearance of nothing is accepted by Edward Thomas as he contemplates over the nature of both support and death. Aside, Thomas usual theme of preserving Englands nature a theme of isolation, darkness and melancholy takes over in Rain and was, understandably, common within poets around the eldest World War. In particular Thomas collection is reflective of the field by Thomas unafraid(p) and Wilfred Owen.Introspection of Thomas own death is portrayed in Rain and The Glory. Thomas is particularly touch by the reflectivity of the effects of war due to the brutality and inhumanity. Words such as disconnected, pain, solitary are recitationd finished the poem, Rain, and the repetition of these melancholic words present his introspection of death, particularly his own, which tho evokes sympathy as we identify his mental suffering due to the work o f war.Similarly in Aspens the absence of humanity due to the war is exposed through the portrayal of emptiness from the example of the allegory empty as sky, which emphasises the emptiness as so vast it is overpowering. This suggests Thomas contemplates his consequence as an individual in the war. Emptiness is also a theme in the poem As the Teams Head Brass where a conversational tone conveys the effects the war has had on a farm. Thomas seems to accept the oblivion of nothing and the idea of love and death becomes a psychological theory.Thanatos is the motivation or desire to escape and therefore this completion of oblivion seems to conclude the poem. Further the tempest brought Thomas a vision of nature of both life and death as it tells me him and gives him a glance of death, which is at once a bleak sense of consolidation. The epiphany that Thomas experiences gives this sense of awareness of mortality and the revalue of life. The oblivion of death is contrasted with the gif t of life as Thomas describes himself as helpless among the living and the knackered, which shows his introspection of his personal significance in the world.Although similar poets the World War 1 era looked at the effects of war all poets revealed different perspectives. In The Solider by Rupert Brooke the poet looks at his own significance of his life after death by asking the reader to think of forever England, unchanged and undamaged, if I he should die quite an than contemplating the negative side of death unlike Thomas does so in Rain. A further contrast to make would be with Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum Est as it reveals the horror of war and the deaths of soldiers, rather than looking at his own suffering and death.Another comparison to make is with the poem A Man I Killed by Thomas Hardy who identifies not what war does to the villages back home but what war does to the soldier. His introspection of his actions suggest his guilt and shame of killing a man who, if met wh ere any bar is, would be a simple friend. This is complimented by the suggestion of the analogy between broken reeds and broken men as a result of the war within the poem Rain. Thomas further expresses his identification of death through the structure of the poem.Particularly his experimentation of spondee and iambic pentameter is used to show the pertinacity of the rainfall and perhaps reflects the sense of multitudinous damage due to the war and vulnerability for soldiers in the war, including the exposure of Thomas life. Further, the use of blank poetise conveys Thomas thought process as unremitting and overwhelming thus suggesting that Thomas is incessantly contemplating the oblivion of death and the value of life. Specifically, the use of enjambment present in the first 6 lines conveys the flow of Thomas thought process and his contemplation of the value of life and the reality of his mortality.In comparison, the 18 line unbroken stanza that forms divide by Thomas is approp riate in connection to the content of the poem where a sense of continuity allows the reader to identify the suitability of free verse as it reflects Thomas thought process. In further contrast, the familiarity of iambic pentameter and the repetition in the stresses of the line mimics the rhythm of the conversation as it lacks dynamism, which therefore conveys the emptiness of the field. Thomas contemplates death as inevitable within Rain and introspects how it affects him as an individual and as a soldier.The simile like a cold water among broken reeds suggests Thomas pictures those in trenches, possibly including himself, as macrocosm like a cold water. In other words, ruined by guns and changed through the underworld of killing. Melancholy is a major theme in this poem shown through words such as helpless, solitude, pain, which further portrays the presentation of death from Thomas perspective. His personal introspection is reinforced from the use of first person narrative and his deep thought process, which allows the reader to identify his with his misery and understand his contemplation further.

Long-term performance of IPOs: Evidence from Singapore Market

IntroductionStock foodstuffs ar a key part of the bourgeois economic system as they bring together those in need of chapiter and those with surplus capital to invest. Initial public offerings of companies whose share capital had previously been privately held provides just such an opportunity. The sign public offering turn entails due diligence and pricing by universal agents, subsequently which they underwrite the issue and sell it to investors in the basal commercialize. Following the IPO, the partnerships shares trade in the secondary merchandise until the company is shut vote out or is merged with a nonher company or is acquired. In addition to IPOs, companies which are already public can also participate in capital raising by undertaking secondary dribble offerings which investors can use as enthronization vehicles to increase shines on their portfolios.Traditional finance theory recommends undivided investors to adopt a buy-and- direct strategy for investmen ts in the stock market, since they are unable to time the market, and since the efficient market hypothesis suggests that all available information is immediately incorporated in stock worths. A psyche this raises is whether big-term buy-and-hold a profitable investment strategy in the initial public offerings (IPOs) asset soma for individual investorsAccording to the bulk of literature on this subject, the answer is no. However, there are variations in the results depending upon how the semblance index is selected and what market is being studied. Investors may also be able to select a sweet portfolio of buy-and-hold IPO investments if they are successfully able to predict what factors lead to strong or weak price mathematical operation in the IPO universe. This study attempts to collect previous interrogation on the subject and exercise the learning to the Singapore market. One mark would be to post ex-post which factors led to IPO success. Indirectly, it may help one self investors reduce risk and earn strong returns while devising ex-ante investment strategies as well.Organization premier this study pull up stakes review the existing literature on the subject and summarize its conclusions. Then it will use the statistical methods used by prominent studies such as Loughran and Ritter (1995) to calculate whether IPOs have underperformed the market in Singapore. The study will also collect what otherwise papers have identified as sources of soaring writ of execution within the universe of IPOs and see whether these results hold in IPOs in Singapore as well. Some of these factors include high percentage of institutional protestership, venture backing, industry and age of the company at IPO.Problem StatementEquity investors are constantly looking to maximize their risk-adjusted returns by investing in various asset classes in financial markets. The results from the literature lead to the conclusion that a strategy of buy-and-hold investments in IPOs underperforms the market on average. What would be interesting and useful would be to see whether a subset of IPOs can be identified where this result does non hold and where a different version of the strategy can be shown to produce a higher return for investors than the index or benchmark portfolio.Research ObjectivesThe objective of the research is to study murder of Singapore listed IPOs using factors which have been identified in academic literature as having effect on IPO performance, includingpercentage of institutional ownership venture backing reputation of the underwriter industry age of the company at IPO legal and institutional environmentThe ultimate objective is to see whether factors can be identified that lead to recommendation of alternative investment strategies which perform improve than buy-and-hold of IPOs for a multiple year honouring terminus.Proposal StructureIPOs listed on the Singapore stock supervene upon during the five year period of 2000 2004 would initially be identified. Subsequently, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year buy-and-hold returns of these portfolios would be calculated and compared to returns over the resembling period by a stock exchange index such as the Strait Times force (STI). Another method for comparing results to market could be the selection and composition of a matching portfolio which would be used to compare underperformance or overperformance over the holding period. To create a matching portfolio, a like sized public company that did not issue fair play for five years prior to the IPO date would have to be selected for each IPO company. The return on the matching portfolio would be compared to the return on the IPO portfolio as per Loughran and Ritter (1995). It will be assumed that investors would purchase shares in the secondary market and none of them would be lucky enough to be allocated shares by the underwriter at the offering price. writings ReviewUnderperformance of IPOs relative to mar ket indices has been studied extensively in academic literature. One series of articles examines the dot of underperformance of IPOs relative to market indices and asks what factors could cause such underperformance. Factors typically examined include size of the IPO, the companys industry, whether the company is venture back or not, the degree of institutional holdings, age of the company at IPO, quality of the underwriter and the institutional and legal environment of the company.Another string of literature looks at empirical evidence of underperformance in different markets, including the US, several European countries including Germany (Stehle, Ehrhardt & Przyborowsky, 2000), Switzerland and Greece and several developing Asian markets such as Malaysia, mainland China and China. about of these studies take time series data of IPOs during a given period of time. Then they look at nominal buy-and-hold returns over 3 or 5 years, typically without assuming any portfolio rebalancin g, though as shown by Brav and Gompers (1997), the results hold even if portfolio rebalancing is introduced. The returns of individual IPOs are compared with results of an industry index such as S&P 500, Nasdaq or NYSE, or with an industry benchmark portfolio (value weighted or equally weighted).The typical sit of IPO returns that emerges is the following After a period of strong performance following an IPO, the stock starts to underperform the market index. This period of poor performance lasts for several years. The length of the period of initial strong performance lasts up to several months, depending on whether or not the stock market is in a optimistic state.Ritter (1991) examines both underpricing of IPOs and their underperformance. Underpricing is a phenomenon in which investment banks taking a company public, and wanting to manage their own risk, keep offer price low in order to build a strong toilet book and to keep market participants incentivized for participation in the offering. This is reflected in the fact that on average there is a 16.4% gain from the offering price to the closing price on the first day.In addition, the fountain believes the IPOs appear to be overpriced when 3-year IPO returns are compared to 3-year returns for comparable unanimouss matched by size and industry. In a sample of 1526 common stock IPOs between 1975 and 1984, IPOs produced a return of 34.47% and seasoned offerings produced a return of 61.86%, 3-years after going public. Upon careful examination of the sample, the fountain ceases that the cause of the underperformance are those small IPOs that benefit in the short-run due to optimistic market conditions, but which are not able to establish themselves in the long-run.Loughran and Ritter (1995) regulate that all issues, both IPO and secondary, offered during 1970 to 1990 produced poor long-term returns for investors. Using a strategy of 5-year buy and hold investing would have produced a result of only 5% p er annum for IPOs and 7% per annum for secondary offerings. The authors highlight an authorized observation for potential underperformance by secondary offerings (SEOs) most public companies opt for secondary offerings following high return periods in the market thus their subsequent underperformance may simply be linked to ultimate reversion of returns to their long-term averages. In order to judge the performance of secondary offerings, for each issuing firm the study choose a non-issuing matching firm that is similar in size and has not issued equity in the previous 5 years.The authors calculate riches relatives for each year as the ratio of end-of-period wealth from holding a portfolio of matching firms with the like starting market capitalization. The ratio is below 1 in most years indicating that investors would have been better off investing in buy-and-hold strategy in non-issuing firms. The authors conclude that it is not advisable for investors to invest in shares of c ompanies issuing stock. Instead investors would be able to generate the same return with 44% slight capital if they simply invested in similar size non-issuing companies for the same holding period.The results in Loughran and Ritter (1995) do not control for industry since it is often difficult to consider matching companies in the industry which also share similar size. According to a study by Spiess and Afflect-Greaves (1995) nearly triplet of the long-run underperformance of secondary offerings comes from industry effect. Another potential explanation for why this happens is offered by Lerner (1994) firms which are not yet ready to grow cashflows consistently sometimes take advantage of the IPO window during son of a bitch markets and other periods of market exuberance, only to then suffer from poor market performance when cashflows do not keep pace with market expectations (Clark, 2002 Ljungqvist, Nanda & Singh, 2006).If long-term IPO returns are infact so dismal, why do in vestors keep buying IPOs during all market cyclesAn insight into the solution is provided by Field (1995). The author analyzes the impact of the termination of institutional shareholding on long-term IPO performance and concludes that IPO having large holdings by institutions earn importantly higher long-term returns than those with low institutional holdings. Institutional holdings also differ substantially between industries. In fact, the latter category often fails to achieve even the risk-free rate of return available to bondholders. The author concludes that there are groups of IPOs which do not experience poor long-term performance, though they may be identifiable ex-ante.Other authors also identify factors that can lead groups of IPOs to have relatively strong performance. For example, Michaely and Shaw (1994) identify reputation of underwriter as one of the factors that is directly related to IPO return. Brav and Gompers (1997) find that venture plunk for IPOs outperformed non-venture backed IPOs significantly. The 5-year buy-and-hold return for venture backed IPOs was 44.6% while the equivalent figure for non-venture backed IPOs was 22.5%. These results were calculated ground on equally weighting of components in an index, whereas if the index is value weighted then these differences are significantly reduced. The authors believe that their results might have inspired by the fact that venture backed companies tend to be those which are in growth industries and are at an early stage of their development cycle. Such companies are likely to have many good investment opportunities. The authors also find that underperformance resides primarily in small, non-venture backed IPOs. Qualitatively similar results are also provided by Bessler and Seim (2011) who study European venture backed IPOs. bend to the second string of literature which deals with tests of IPO underperformance in different geographies, it appears that this phenomenon holds in both devel oped and less developed markets. While, the original hypothesis was formulated for the U.S. market, it holds to various degrees in most markets. Thomadakis, Nounis and Gounopoulous (2012) study performance of 254 IPOs during the 1994 2002 period. They find that the period of initial overperformance in Greece lasts longer than it does in western markets. While IPOs outperform the market in the first two years, by the third year underperformance sets in. The authors attribute this to longer hot periods in the classic market than in more developed western markets.In a study on the same subject in Taiwan, Wen and Cao (2013) find that IPOs perform as well as matching file name extension portfolios in the first year of trading and then start to underperform that portfolio. Drobetz, Kammerman and Walchli (2005) examine the same in the Swiss market. They find that while underperformance holds, it is much weaker than is suggested by equivalent tests from the US market. Chan, Wei and Wang ( 2001) find practically no underperformance of class A and B shares, though there is significantly higher underpricing of Class A shares compared to other markets. 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